Category Technology

A group from Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, etc. has reported that the specificity of E-selectin could be modified from sLex to 6′-sulfo-sialyl Lewis X with introducing double mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9564326/

Although lectins are often used to detect glycans, their application to sulfated glycans is challenging due to the paucity of sulfate-recognizing lectins as well as their broad or mixed specificities.

In this work, the binding specificity of E-selectin was modified by removing destabilizing steric and electrostatic interactions between the 6′-sulfate and E92 and E107 with E92A/E107A mutations, to show binding specificity to 6′-sulfo-sialyl Lewis X (6′-sulfo-sLex). As is known, E-selectin shows specific binding to non-sulfated ligand, sLex.
This new specificity mimics that of the unrelated protein Siglec-8, for which 6′-sulfo-sLex is its preferred ligand.

A turning point is approaching for classical breeding methods. One of the major trends is a breeding method using genome editing, which can change only a specific target DNA sequence. As a result, the time required for breeding can be significantly shortened compared to conventional methods. But a bigger wave is also approaching. It is the idea of ​​actively using rhizospheric microorganisms to improve plant traits. The great advantage of this method is that the plants retain their original genotype and do not require specific safety assessments compared to transgenic or genome-edited products.

I have already written a number of  blogs about the symbiotic relationship between rhizobacteria and plants (in other words, it means there are many papers published), and I would not like to emphasize its importance again here. However, I would like to emphasize in this blog that the term SynCom is beginning to be used as a methodology. Through the analysis of accumulated data on the overall composition of rhizosphere microbiota, SynCom is a formula of “a few selected core species” that are most likely to significantly influence the structure of the rhizosphere microbiota.

The efficacy of SynCom applications in real agriculture has been evaluated, but often appears to be inconsistent. The main reason for this failure is because the plant-associated rhizosphere microbes can not exert their beneficial effects as expected. To solve this problem, we must consider the host plant genotype and root secretion from it, the compatibility of the bacterial species with the environment, and the spatial competition with native soil bacteria. SynCom’s ecological interaction with naturally occurring bacterial community is likely to be one of the most important aspects that must be considered seriously when applying SynComs in a real environment. Furthermore, in order to establish SynCom in the rhizosphere and expand its territory, it may be possible to apply biostimulants designed for the SynCom.

Microbiome sensors (MBS) and biostimulants should become more and more hot topics in the near future.

Ref.)  https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(22)00156-X

Biostimulants are new technologies that reduce plant damage caused by climate and soil conditions and increase plant yields. In particular, effects such as suppression of pathogenic bacteria by regulation of rhizospheric microbiome, secretion of plant growth hormone, and solubilization of plant nutrients in soil are attracting attention.
https://www.japanbsa.com/biostimulant/definition_and_significance.html

In this respect, there are already several products on the market. I would like to introduce some of them.
Rice Toreru (called KODA, contains α-linolenic acid collected from duckweed that grows in paddy fields, and exhibits a plant growth-regulating effect)
Dr. Kinkon (Contains arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and promotes symbiotic effects with plants)
Dr. Actinomycetes (Contains actinomycetes, Gram-positive bacteria, suppressing pathogenic bacteria)
Trichodesoyl (contains the ascomycete Trichoderma and inhibits pathogenic bacteria)
Chitin (N-GlcNAc activates plant immunity and serves as food for actinomycetes)

AgroHolobiont is developing novel microbiome sensors (MBS) to improve the effects of these existing biostimulants, as well as developing new biostimulants.
Activities of AgroHolobiont

A group from Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, etc. has reported about effects of nitrogen fertilization onto Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Gaeumannomyces graminis f. sp. tritici (Ggt) infestation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500508/

In this study, the role of nitrogen sources, including nitrate, ammonium, and cyanamide, on Bgt and Ggt infestation in winter wheat was investigated, to gain insights into the plant’s physical and biochemical mechanisms mediated by the interaction between nitrogen source and pathogen characterizing rhizo bacterial and fungal flora using next-generation sequencing.

Wheat inoculated with the foliar pathogen Bgt was comparatively up to 80% less infested when fertilized with nitrate or cyanamide than with ammonium.

Bacterial richness ranged from 720 to 969 ASVs and it did not differ among the four fertilization N treatments. Likewise, bacterial community structure was not affected by N application and N form. However, fungal richness ranged from 161 to 312 ASVs and it was higher in soil without any fertilization and in the ammonium treatment, while the soil amended with nitrate showed the lowest value in richness.

A group from Department of Anesthesiology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50008, Taiwan, etc. has reported that fucoidan-based combination chemotherapy may exert beneficial effects and facilitate the treatment of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer (PCa).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500773/

The standard treatment for advanced PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Although hormone-sensitive PCa is curable with ADT, most patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa) and metastatic CRPCa (mCRPCa). Front-line docetaxel treatment is administered to patients with CRPCa and mCRPCa to improve survival. Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the taxane class of drugs. Docetaxel-based chemotherapy has shown survival benefits and has emerged as the primary treatment for CRPCa. Nevertheless, docetaxel resistance after half a year of therapy has emerged as an urgent clinical concern in patients with CRPCa and mCRPCa.

Fucoidan, sourced from various matrices of brown seaweed, is primarily composed of a complex sulfated polysaccharide, shows anti-cancer effects, and binds to P-selectin.

In this study, it was demonstrated that the combination of Fucoidan/Docetaxel on docetaxel-resistant DU/DX50 cells shows a potent synergistic antiproliferative effect as shown below.

It was also observed that fucoidan reduced the migration and invasion of DU/DX50 cells. Since the protein levels of IL-1R, IKKα, NF-κB p50, and Cox2 were downregulated with an increased concentration of fucoidan, the observed attenuation of cancer cell migration, invasion, and cell viability would be due to the binding effect between fucoidan and P-selectin, resulting in the downregulation of the IL-1R signaling pathway, including reduced levels of NFκB p50 and Cox-2. It is known that IKKα and NF-κB p50 are involved in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, and the activation of Cox2 promotes tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.