Archive 21/4/26

In order to improve productivity of mAbs with CHO controlling those glycan structures 

A group from Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. has reported about a new chemical which is added into CHO culture media and thereby is able to improve productivity of mAbs as therapeutic drugs.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250416

Authors intended to improve productivity of mAbs with controlling those glycan modification by adding a chemical into CHO culture media.
They started screening from 23,277 chemicals, and through the following 2nd screening condition; over 120% for relative mAb concentration, 105% for relative cell-specific productivity, and 80% for viability, a few candidates were selected. From the final selectins, 4-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) benzamide (MPPB) was selected as a most suitable chemical to meet the intended requirement. MPPB concentrations of 0.32 to 0.64 mM were used, and with this addition, the productivity of mAbs increased by 1.5times.
G0F was the major N-linked glycan, and G1F was decreased from 24.5 to 14.8% under the MPPB-added condition, although others were not changed

Interesting relationship between glycosylation of Synovial fibroblasts and arthritis inflammation 

A group from University of Glasgow, UK, etc. has reported a detailed studies on the relationship between glycosylation of Synovial fibroblasts(SFs) and arthritis inflammation.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22365-z

It is well known that glycosylation of IgG changes to agalacto types, and the expression of TNFα increases in arthritis. Authors evaluated changes in glycosylation of SFs with using lectins and MS, and confirmed that sialylation decreased in both N-glycans and O-glycans. The decrease in sialylation was observed in α-3Sia but not α-3Sia. Furthermore, levels of sialylation correlated with disease stages. And, it was shown that the decrease in sialylation seems to be induced by TNF, in contrast with IL-1 or IL-17 that had no effect.

It is so important to establish whether desialylation plays a leading role in SFs activation, or on the contrary, it is a more indirect consequence of ongoing inflammation. Authors demonstrated that α2-6Sia blocking by ST6GAL1 mRNA silencing upregulates IL-6 and CcL2. This would be a really meaningful thing relating to the therapeutic strategies.

In a figure below, CIA means Collagen-induced arthritis.

Results of randomized clinical trial for Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir as drugs for COVID-19 

A group from McMaster University, Canada, etc. has reported about the results of randomized clinical trial for Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir as drugs for COVID-19.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2779044

The randomized clinical trial was done in Brazil, and the sample size was as follows; A total of 214 participants were randomized to hydroxychloroquine; 244, lopinavir-ritonavir; and 227, placebo.
As for the virological clearance, the results were (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82-1.02)for hydroxychloroquine and (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.16) for lopinavir-ritonavir. Neither hydroxychloroquine nor lopinavir-ritonavir showed any significant benefit for decreasing COVID-19–associated hospitalization or other secondary clinical outcomes.

For your information,
Hydroxychloroquine:A drug used for malaria and/or rheumatoid arthritis,
Lopinavir:A drug used for HIV HAAR treatment,
Ritonavir:A drug for HIV and HCV treatment.
 

Major HIV target cells in human anogenital tissues in the HIV infection 

The common knowledge in HIV infection is that two types of receptors are related to the infection to CD4+ T cells. First of all, an envelop glycoprotein of HIV called gp120 binds to the first receptor CD4, then binds to the second receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4, and initiates membrane fusion between HIV and T cell. A group from University of Sydney, etc. has reported what major HIV target cells in human anogenital tissues in the HIV infection.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22375-x

Authors have identified two types of cells, one is D14+CD1c+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells(CD14+CD1c+MDDC, and the other is Langerin-expressing dendritic cells 2(Langerin+ cDC2). Langerin is a C-type lectin which is selectively expressed on langerhans cells (LC), a subset of dendritic cells distributing in dermis and mucosa. The binding specificity of langerin is known to be high mannose and galactose with sulfated 6th site. Furthermore, it was found that HIV infection was correlated with Siglec-1 expression on CD14+ MDDC. In this way, these cells bind HIV and mediate efficient HIV uptake, and transfer to CD4+ T cells.

From a view point of glycan and lectin, it is so important to understand the relationship between C-type lectins on host cells and HIV gp120 glycoproteins.

Prediction of a SARS-CoV-2 animal host using random forests model (one of machine learning methods)

A group from University of Liverpool has reported results of random forests model (one of machine learning methods) to predict the animal host of SARS-CoV-2.
https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009149

A figure below shows stacked bar plots of predicted probabilities of each host category for coronavirus RNA sequences, assuming bird, camelid, carnivore, human, rodent, swine, yangochiroptera, and yinpterochiroptera as potential hosts. It is clearly shown that MARS-CoV has camelid host, SARS-CoV has carnivore host, and SARS-CoV2 seems to have a bat host (suborder Yinpterochiroptera). While the random forests model supports bats as the ultimate origin of SARS-CoV-2, the involvement of intermediate hosts remains unclear.

Maackia amurensis lectin reduces the expression levels of ACE2, ADAM17, Furin, etc. : A new finding in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 infection

A group from Rowan University, Stratford, USA, etc. has suggested that Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL, MAA, MASL as abbreviated names) could be effctive in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019238/

Oral squamous cells were used as a model cell in this study. Transcriptome analysis was done to investigate effects of MAL onto ACE2, ADAM17, Furin, and Glycosyltransferases (GalNAc-T, ST6GalNAc-1, and ST6GalNAc-2).
Interestingly, it was shown that those decreased in a MAL dose dependent manner. For instance, at a dose of 1925nM of MAL, ACE2 mRNA level decreased by 60%, ADAM17 by 40%, and ST6GalNAc-1 by 60%. As a result of these events, MAL decreases inflammatory signaling events that would otherwise lead to activation of the IL6 amplifier implicated in COVID-19 induced ARDS

MAL is known to have binding specificity to α2-3Sia.

Functional Roles of Dexamethason as a therapeutic drug for COVID-19 

As a special case, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare approved “Remdesivir” as a therapeutic drug for COVID-19 in May, 2020. In Sept., 2020, Dexamathason as a corticosteroid was also approved as a therapeutic drug for COVID-19. Let me introduce a paper explaining what kinds of functional roles Dexamethason plays.

It is a paper from a group of University of Huddersfield, UK, etc.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10753-021-01464-5

Stimulation of human PBMCs with a recombinant spike glycoprotein S1 resulted in significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8. Pre-treatment with dexamethasone (100 nM) caused significant reduction in the release of these cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 induced exaggerated inflammation in PBMCs through mechanisms involving activation of NF-κB transcription factor, p38 MAPK and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and it was found that the pre-treating PBMCs with dexamethasone inhibited NF-κB DNA binding by ~46%.

Effects of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant to therapeutic antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines 

A group from University of Oxford, etc. has reported the effects of P.1 variant to therapeutic antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8008340/

P.1 contains the following mutations:
L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, and R190S in the NTD;
K417T, E484K, and N501Y in the RBD;
D614G and H655Y at the C terminus of S1;
and T1027I and V1176F in S2

Neutralization of both Lilly antibodies (LY-CoV16 and LY-CoV555) was severely impacted. There was also escape from neutralization of P.1 by Regeneron antibody (REGN10933) and a modest reduction in neutralization of P.1 by AstraZeneca antibody (AZD8895), while AstraZeneca antibodies (AZD1061 and AZD 7442) showed equal neutralization of all SARS-CoV-2 variants. The three Adagio antibodies (ADG10, ADG20, and ADG30) neutralized all variants, with all reaching a plateau at 100% neutralization; interestingly, ADG30 showed a slight increase of neutralization of P.1.

Geometric mean neutralization titers against P.1 were reduced 2.6-fold (p < 0.0001) relative to the Victoria virus for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine serum and 2.9-fold (p < 0.0001) for the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. 

Pathological changes of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from COVID-19 patients

A group from San Martino Policlinico Hospital, Genoa, Italy, etc. has reported on characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from COVID-19 patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8049078/

BALF cellularity was mainly composed of neutrophils and macrophages (neutrophils were more abundant than macrophages). The median value of macrophage percentages was higher in non-survivors compared to survivors (35% vs 20%). However, we must be cautious that all the differences shown in a table below are not statistically significant.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) -specific glycan biomarkers 

A group from Northwest University, Xi’an, China, etc. has reported a potential glycan biomarker for Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)
.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2021.637730/full

Saliva was used as a sample in this study, and saliva was centrifuged to remove insoluble components and a protease inhibitor was added. Lectin microarrays using 37 lectins were used for investigating differences in glycosylation patterns between healthy volunteers (HV) and ESCC patients. As a result, it was found that DSA and ECA lectins are specific to ESCC, and Galβ1-4GlcNAc-containing N-glycans could be potential biomarkers for ESCC.

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