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A group from ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India, etc. has reported about wheat microbiome under varied agricultural field conditions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36445165/

This report presents wheat microbiome analysis under six different farm practices,
organic (Org),
timely sown (TS),
wheat after pulse crop (WAPC),
temperature-controlled phenotyping facility (TCPF),
maize-wheat cropping system (MW), and
residue burnt field (Bur).

The analysis based on phylum level revealed abundances of Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacteroidetes, in all conditions, while the relative abundances varied at the genus level. The highest relative abundances of the genera Bacillus and Flavobacterium were observed in TCPF and Org, respectively, and the genus Nitrospira had the highest relative abundance in TS, MW, and WAPC.

A group from State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China, etc. has reported that foliar pathogen infection recruits beneficial bacteria through root exudates.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36445116/

It was found that foliar infection of Panax notoginseng by Alternaria panax modified the rhizosphere soil microbial community and reversed the direction of the buildup of the soilborne pathogen Ilyonectria destructans and beneficial microbes, including Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, in rhizosphere soil. These beneficial microbes not only showed antagonistic ability against the pathogen I. destructans but also enhanced the resistance of plants to A. panax.

Foliar infection changes the metabolite profiles of root exudates determined by GC-MS analyses. Inoculated means foliar infection.

This is similar to the human immune response, in which cytokines and chemokines are secreted from the inflammatory site, and immune cells such as leukocytes are attracted to the inflammatory site. Changes in the secretion from the root correspond to the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and beneficial bacteria are immune cells derived from bone marrow cells.

A group from Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan, etc. has reported about interactions between thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor MPL and a marine sponge-derived lectin, thrombocorticin (ThC).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-34921-2

It has been reported that a marine sponge-derived 14-kDa protein, ThC, as a potent agonist of MPL.
In this study, the three-dimensional structure of ThC was elucidated as a fucose-binding lectin, and also it was shown that the MPL activation was induced by its binding to a fucosylated glycan on MPL.

Dimer structure of rThC in complex with Ca2+ (green ball) and fucose (ball-and-stick model, yellow: carbon, red: oxygen)

A group from Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China has reported about changes in glycosylation of porcine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells due to highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9695484/

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been widespread around the world and has seriously jeopardized the pig industry for decades, mainly causing severe reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully clarified so far, causing its prevention and control to remain a great challenge.

To understand the effects of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection on the surface carbohydrate chains of PPMVECs, they were infected with HP-PRRSV HN and JXA1 strains in this study. Then, their cell surface glycan profiling was analyzed by lectin microarrays.

It was found that HP-PRRSV infection of PPMVECs significantly damages the cell surface structures, especially causing the decrease in complex N-glycans and the increase in poly-N-acetyllactosamine. This finding suggest that changes in cell surface carbohydrate chains may be an important factor causing the dysfunction of HP-PRRSV-infected PPMVECs.

A group from Fungal Pathogenesis Section and Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, etc. has reported that human Dectin-1 deficiency impairs macrophage-mediated defense against phaeohyphomycosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663159/

Phaeohyphomycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by dematiaceous fungi, which are characterized by melanin production and filamentous growth. Phaeohyphomycosis typically affects the subcutaneous tissues following traumatic inoculation and is treatable with antifungal therapy and/or surgical resection.

In this study, an index patient with severe phaeohyphomycosis caused by Corynespora cassiicola, a dematiaceous fungus of plants known to cause life-threatening infections in CARD9 deficiency is highlighted. This patient had biallelic deleterious mutations in CLEC7A, which encodes the CARD9-coupled receptor, Dectin-1. It was shown that Dectin-1 is critical for IL-1β and TNF-α production against this fungus by human immune cells, which enhances macrophage fungal killing. CARD9 is an immune adapter protein in myeloid cells involved in C-type lectin signaling and antifungal immunity.

17 additional unrelated patients with severe phaeohyphomycosis were also evaluated, and t was found that 12 out of 17 had deleterious CLEC7A mutations, which were associated with an altered Dectin-1 extracellular, β-glucan–binding, C-terminal domain, and impaired Dectin-1–dependent cytokine production.

showing proinflammatory cytokine responses to this fungus from the Dectin-1–deficient patient and from CARD9-deficient patients.