A group from Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, China, etc. has reported about a possibility of pregnancy diagnosis targeting changes in urinary glycopatterns.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783609/
This study investigates the urinary glycopatterns of golden snub-nosed monkeys (GSM) with using lectin microarrays. It was shown that the types, amounts and structure of N-glycans and the proportion of sialylation and fucoslation of N-glycans are different between pregnant and non-pregnant females, and between (non-pregnant) females and males. This method will provide reference information for pregnancy diagnosis and sex identification, which will benefit the management of the animals.
where, pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) females, and females (F) and males (M)