A group from Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, has reviewed current status of urinary biomarker for prostate cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8100853/
At this moment, FDA approved marker for prostate cancer (PC) is just one, i.e., Serum PSA. The ratio of complex biantennary glycans of α-2,3-sialic acid (S2,3PSA) and α-2,6-sialic acid (S2,6PSA) in serum is closely linked to aggressive PC.
α2,3-linked Sialyl N-Glycan-Carrying Prostate-Specific Antigen
However, this is not replicated in the urinary PSA.
In the case of urinary PSA, it was thought that fucosylation of PSA could be a marker for PC. It has been found that Lewis-type or core-fucosylated PSA (detected by lectins such as AAL or PhoSL) was significantly decreased in PC. Also, core-fucosylated PSA was significantly associated with the Gleason scores of the biopsy specimens. The AUC for the prediction of prostate cancers of Gleason score ≥7 was 0.69 (P=0.0064) for urinary PSA-AAL and 0.72 (P=0.0014) for urinary PSA-PhoSL.
Decreased fucosylated PSA as a urinary marker